Subordinating conjunctions are an essential part of English grammar, linking dependent and independent clauses to form complex sentences. They allow us to convey deeper meanings, such as cause-and-effect relationships, time transitions, and conditions. By mastering subordinating conjunctions, you can elevate your writing, making it more nuanced and dynamic.
This article will explore the role of subordinating conjunctions, provide examples, and explain how to use them effectively. Whether you’re a student or a professional, understanding this key aspect of grammar will improve your sentence structure and help you communicate ideas more clearly.
What Are Subordinating Conjunctions?
A subordinating conjunction is a word or phrase that connects a dependent (subordinate) clause to an independent (main) clause. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it relies on the independent clause to provide context and complete its meaning.
For example, in the sentence “She didn’t go to the party because she was tired,” the word because links the two clauses. “She didn’t go to the party” is an independent clause, while “she was tired” is dependent on the first clause to make sense. The conjunction because shows the cause-and-effect relationship between the two clauses.
Why Are Subordinating Conjunctions Important?
Subordinating conjunctions help clarify relationships between ideas in a sentence, making the writing more cohesive and fluid. They can show:
Cause and effect (e.g., because, since)
Time (e.g., before, after, when)
Condition (e.g., if, unless)
Contrast (e.g., although, whereas)
Purpose (e.g., so that, in order that)
By using subordinating conjunctions, writers can convey complex ideas in a single sentence without needing to break them into separate statements.
Common Types of Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions can be categorized based on the relationship they express between the clauses. Below are the most common categories:
1. Cause and Effect
These conjunctions explain why something happens.
Because
Example: She stayed home because she was feeling sick.Since
Example: Since it was raining, we canceled the picnic.As
Example: He left early as he had an important meeting.Due to
Example: The flight was delayed due to technical issues.
2. Time
These conjunctions indicate when something happens in relation to another event.
Before
Example: I will call you before I leave the office.After
Example: After they finished their homework, they went for a walk.When
Example: Call me when you arrive.While
Example: He was reading a book while she was cooking.Whenever
Example: I feel nervous whenever I have to speak in public.
3. Condition
These conjunctions show that one event depends on another.
If
Example: If you study hard, you’ll pass the exam.Unless
Example: We won’t go to the beach unless the weather improves.As long as
Example: You can go out as long as you finish your homework.
4. Contrast
These conjunctions highlight differences or opposing ideas.
Although
Example: Although it was late, she decided to go for a walk.Though
Example: I enjoyed the movie, though it was a bit too long.Whereas
Example: I prefer tea, whereas my friend likes coffee.
5. Purpose
These conjunctions express the intention or goal behind an action.
So that
Example: I took notes so that I could remember everything.In order that
Example: We met early in order that we could finish the project on time.
How to Use Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences
Subordinating conjunctions can appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. The placement affects the punctuation and flow of the sentence.
1. Subordinating Conjunctions at the Beginning of a Sentence
When a subordinating conjunction starts the sentence, a comma is usually required after the dependent clause.
Example:
Although she was tired, she continued working on the project.
Here, although begins the sentence, and the comma separates the dependent clause (“Although she was tired”) from the independent clause (“she continued working on the project”).
2. Subordinating Conjunctions in the Middle of a Sentence
When the subordinating conjunction is placed in the middle of the sentence, no comma is needed.
Example:
She continued working on the project although she was tired.
In this case, the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, so the sentence does not require a comma.
3. Special Cases with Comma Placement
Because: Typically, because is not preceded by a comma unless it’s placed at the beginning of the sentence or for emphasis.
Example:
I didn’t go out because it was too cold. (No comma needed)
I didn’t go out, because it was too cold. (Comma for emphasis)
Subordinating Conjunctions: A Handy List
| Function | Conjunctions | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| Cause and Effect | because, since, as, due to, inasmuch as | She went home early because she felt unwell. |
| Time | before, after, when, while, whenever, until, since | He had a headache while he was working. |
| Condition | if, unless, provided that, as long as, whether | You can borrow my car if you promise to return it by tomorrow. |
| Contrast | although, though, whereas, even though, while | He didn’t answer the phone although it was ringing. |
| Purpose | so that, in order that | He studied hard so that he could pass the test. |
Using Subordinating Conjunctions: Tips for Effective Writing
Subordinating conjunctions are powerful tools that allow us to express complex relationships between ideas within a single sentence. When used effectively, they can transform simple statements into more meaningful and nuanced thoughts. Let’s dive into how to use subordinating conjunctions effectively to enhance your writing.
How to Avoid Common Mistakes with Subordinating Conjunctions
While subordinating conjunctions are essential, many writers make mistakes when using them. Let’s go over some common pitfalls and how to avoid them.
1. Avoiding Sentence Fragments
A sentence fragment occurs when a dependent clause is left standing alone without an independent clause to complete the thought. This mistake happens when the subordinating conjunction links the dependent clause to nothing.
Example of a sentence fragment:
Because I was late.
This is incomplete because it lacks an independent clause to provide context. The sentence should be:
Corrected example:
Because I was late, I missed the bus.
Always ensure that the dependent clause is attached to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.
2. Confusing Subordinating with Coordinating Conjunctions
Sometimes, writers confuse subordinating conjunctions with coordinating conjunctions, which are used to link independent clauses of equal value. Subordinating conjunctions always connect a dependent clause to an independent clause, while coordinating conjunctions link two independent clauses.
For example, the conjunction but is a coordinating conjunction, whereas because is a subordinating conjunction. Both can appear in compound sentences, but their function is different:
Coordinating conjunction example:
I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining.
Subordinating conjunction example:
I wanted to go for a walk because the weather was perfect.
Understanding the difference between these two types of conjunctions will improve your sentence construction.
3. Misusing Commas with Subordinating Conjunctions
As mentioned earlier, the position of the subordinating conjunction in the sentence determines whether you need a comma. Here’s a quick refresher:
Comma needed when the dependent clause comes first:
Example: Although it was raining, they decided to go hiking.
No comma when the dependent clause comes after the independent clause:
Example: They decided to go hiking although it was raining.
Remember, commas are essential for clarity, but they’re not always required. Use them when necessary to avoid confusion.
Using Subordinating Conjunctions in Different Writing Styles
Subordinating conjunctions are used across various writing styles, but the way they are applied can vary depending on the tone and formality of your writing. Let’s explore how subordinating conjunctions can be tailored to fit different contexts.
1. Academic and Professional Writing
In academic and professional writing, precision and clarity are paramount. Subordinating conjunctions play a crucial role in building complex, well-supported arguments. They help you link evidence to claims, introduce conditions, and show relationships between different points.
Example:
The research found significant correlations since the participants were chosen from diverse backgrounds.
In academic contexts, you might also see subordinating conjunctions like in order that, provided that, and unless, which are commonly used to show specific conditions or purposes.
2. Creative Writing
In creative writing, subordinating conjunctions help create vivid imagery, develop characters, and build suspense. The flexibility of subordinating conjunctions allows you to craft rich, descriptive sentences that flow smoothly from one idea to another.
Example:
He felt a rush of excitement as the final seconds ticked away on the clock.
Here, as introduces a time relationship, adding to the feeling of anticipation in the sentence.
In creative writing, subordinating conjunctions can help set the scene, build tension, or express emotions by linking dependent clauses that add depth to the story.
3. Everyday Conversations
Subordinating conjunctions also play a significant role in everyday conversations, helping to convey information, express opinions, and connect ideas naturally. In informal writing, such as emails or blog posts, subordinating conjunctions add variety to sentence structure without sounding overly formal.
Example:
I’m going to the party even though I’m a bit tired.
In casual conversation, even though helps express a contrast between two ideas (the desire to attend the party despite tiredness). Subordinating conjunctions like even though, because, and when are often used to connect thoughts in a more approachable, friendly manner.
Advanced Tips for Mastering Subordinating Conjunctions
Now that we’ve covered the basics, let’s take your use of subordinating conjunctions to the next level with a few advanced tips.
1. Use Subordinating Conjunctions to Create Flow Between Ideas
Effective writing flows naturally, and subordinating conjunctions are one of the tools that help achieve this. By linking dependent clauses to independent clauses, subordinating conjunctions guide the reader from one idea to the next, creating a seamless connection.
Example:
The team worked long hours so that they could meet the deadline.
In this sentence, so that introduces the purpose of their hard work, giving the reader a clear understanding of why they worked long hours.
2. Experiment with Complex Sentences for Impact
When writing more complex ideas, subordinating conjunctions allow you to break down the information into manageable parts. Using multiple subordinating conjunctions within a single sentence can add depth to your writing.
Example:
Although the weather was bad, because we had planned the trip for months, we decided to go hiking.
This sentence combines two subordinating conjunctions (although and because) to create a more detailed and nuanced sentence that conveys both contrast and cause.
3. Enhance Your Writing by Using Subordinating Conjunctions in Parallel Structures
To make your writing more sophisticated, use subordinating conjunctions in parallel structures. This means using similar grammatical forms or patterns within a sentence, which helps maintain rhythm and clarity.
Example:
While I love playing the piano, while my sister prefers singing.
Here, while is used to link two parallel ideas, giving the sentence a sense of balance.
Conclusion: Mastering Subordinating Conjunctions for Clear and Effective Writing
Subordinating conjunctions are crucial tools in writing, helping to create complex sentences that add depth and clarity. By linking dependent and independent clauses, these conjunctions allow us to show cause-and-effect relationships, transitions in time and place, and contrast between ideas.
Mastering the use of subordinating conjunctions is an essential skill for all writers, whether you’re composing academic papers, crafting creative stories, or writing emails. By using these conjunctions effectively, you’ll enhance your writing style, making it more engaging and sophisticated. So, start experimenting with subordinating conjunctions in your sentences today, and watch your writing transform!